History of Potentization :

- Sumit Goel.

The full recognition of the principle of drug dynamization succeeded the proving of drugs and the enunciation of the law of similars and it was the third step in the evolution of homoeopathic principles.

Hahnemann began experiments of the application of proven drugs for the cure of the sick upon the basis of the law of similars, by using drugs in their full strength. He found that many times the patient became greatly aggravated. Hahnemann reasoned that the dose was too large, and he experimented by diluting the drug on a definite scale. To his surprise he found that he secured better results. He continued this process until he discovered that the curative power of drugs bore no proportionate relationship to the crude quantity, but that under the peculiar and systematic reduction by a regular scale, and the proper manipulation, many drugs in common use, and many substances supposed to be inert in their crude states, became endowed with new and hitherto unsuspected activities and powers.

Hahnemann's early writings frequently advise the use of small doses of medicines, but say nothing about potencies or potentization. Hahnemann's writings imply that his aim was the reduction of the toxic effects from overdosing with medicines. This intention directed Hahnemann's work for several years. Two closely related discoveries brought Hahnemann closer to the principle of dynamization -

* One was the improved therapeutic effect of reducing the dosage of previously used medicines.

* The other finding was that substances such as salt or lycopodium, not previously identified as medicines became therapeutically active on undergoing this process. Hahnemann then referred to these microdoses as 'power developments' or 'potencies'.

So Hahnemann, setting out simply to reduce the quantity of his doses, discovered potentization, an entirely new principle in posology. This is the principle, which gives life and power to the system of medicine that Hahnemann developed and is the third great step in the evolution of the law of cure.

EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT OF POTENTIZATION

Hahnemann's approach to potency was modified in each phase of his medical career. A point worth emphasising is that he was an experimenter and innovator, motivated more by practice than by theory.

These phases can be discussed in detail alongwith the published works that Hahnemann was involved with at each stage. A selective list of key dates and a bibliography aid in the understanding of the chronological flow of the experiments and publications of Hahnemann.

1784 - 1796: PRE - HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICAL CAREER

* Before discovering the law of similars, Hahnemann's treatment of his patients differed very slightly from that of other physicians. His prescriptions corresponded in composition, weight and quantities with those of his contemporaries.

* Mineral remedies such as arsenic, mercurial compounds, antimony, etc. were employed in quantity sufficient to produce an observable allopathic effect.

* In "Directions for the Cure of Old Sores and Ulcers" (1784) Hahnemann recommends Antimony in doses of 5-50 grains (0.25 - 2.5 g), and Jalap root in doses of 20-70 grains (1 - 3.5 g).

* Writings from 1787 describe his prescriptions of Conium at 4 grains to several quarter ounces daily; Belladonna at 12-15 grains every other day; Aconite at 1/2-several grains several times per day, etc. In 1790 he prescribed Cinchona according to the allopathic standards of the day, at 1-1/2 to 2-1/2 ounces (45-75 grams) per 24 hours. In his notes on Cullen's Materia Medica and Munro's Pharmacology, he went to a certain extent beyond the prescriptions of the physicians by recommending stronger medicines in even larger doses.

* The failures of these prescriptions sobered him. For many years he abandoned medical practice. When it was not possible by any other means, he prescribed the popular specifics in an urgent case in small quantities, so as not to do any injury.

* In 1790, Hahnemann was translating Cullen's Materia Medica and in the process of doing so made the historic discovery relating to Cinchona bark. In the same work Hahnemann wrote - 'Surely toxicity is nothing but the violent manifestation of an extremely powerful agent applied in too high a dose and in the wrong place. Any potential benefit may well have been lost merely due to incautious use.' This statement indicates that Hahnemann was beginning to get an idea, which then encouraged him to do further study and research.

* Following the proving of Peruvian bark, with the footnote to Cullen's Materia Medica alluding to cure by similars, Hahnemann began experimenting and treating with the similia principle. In 1796, he made known the principles of homoeopathy in Hufeland's journal with the publication of "Essay on a New Principle For Ascertaining The Curative Powers of Drugs and some Examination of the previous Principles". In this essay he makes reference to the use of "small doses", but does not clarify what he meant by "small".

* From then onwards, he selected his remedies from the standpoint of similarity, still administering fairly large doses. But he observed that cure, in many cases, was associated with aggravation of symptoms causing more sufferings for the patient. The aggravation or the increase of disease symptoms following the administration of the homoeopathic remedy, induced him gradually to decrease the dose. But this diminution was not so swift and it was only be experiments and bedside experiences that the necessity was felt by him.

1797 - 1800: FIRST HINTS OF DILUTION

* By 1798, Hahnemann published another article in Hufeland's Journal "Some Kinds of Continued and Remittent Fevers". Here, he notes using Opium in 1/5-1/2 grain doses; Camphor 30-40 grains/day; Ledum 6-7 grains.

* In his next article "Some Periodical and Hebdomadal diseases" in the same year, he notes using Ignatia at 8 grains and China at 1/2-1 grain doses. Although these are still "crude" doses, and rather large by later homoeopathic standards, they represent dramatic reductions from the allopathic doses of his contemporaries.

* The first hints of dilutions are found in his "Apothecaries Lexicon" (1798), where he recommends Sabina "in very small doses"; Hyoscyamus at 1/60-1/30 grain (0.001 - 0.002 g); Stramonium at 1/100th or 1/1000th part of a grain; and Veratrum album at one thousand times smaller doses than those used by the ancients.

* In 1799, he suddenly announced, without particular explanation, very small and so-called infinitesimal doses. It is to be assumed that the aggravations and secondary effects following the administration of his remedies according to the similia principle induced him to decrease the doses more and more. Serial dilution in the preparation of remedies appears to have been introduced in 1799.

1801 - 1813: "DISPERSING THE SUBSTANCE WELL THROUGHOUT THE DILUTION MEDIUM" - STILL NO DEFINITE INDICATIONS

* The first detailed statements about dilution were in his publication "Cure and Prevention of Scarlet Fever" (1801, describing his treatment of an epidemic in 1799). He offered exact details of the preparation and administration of Belladonna. A dose of Belladonna used early-on of 1/432000th part of a grain was described as "too large a dose"; in preparing a dose he made a dilution from the tincture in two dilutional steps, of 1/300 and 1/200, resulting in a solution containing 1/24 millionth grain of dry belladonna juice per drop, and used 2 or more drops per dose, depending on age (up to 40 drops for an adult).

* At this point, trituration and succussion were not recognized for the role in which they are now seen, as the process of preparation of homoeopathic medicines. He offers descriptions of mixing such as "shaking the whole well" and "intimately mixed ... by shaking it for a minute" that suggest an interest in dispersing the substance well throughout the dilution medium. He describes these preparations in terms that clearly speak of his understanding of them as dilutions, attenuations or reduced doses, such as "weak solution of belladonna".

* Reference to Hahnemann's case notes at this point suggest that he was moving to "infinitesimal" doses particularly with those medicines which he employed frequently, and had established enough experience to begin to appreciate their ability to act well in such extreme dilution.

* The prescription of a medicine, diluted to such an extent, invited objection and criticism as to its efficacy in an article "Whatever can 1/100000 grain of Belladonna do?" He responded with an article "On the Power of Small Doses of Medicine in General, and of Belladonna in Particular", in Hufeland's Journal in 1801. It is clear that he still understood these infinitesimal preparations to be dilutions or small doses.

* After the Scarlet fever episode an interval of nearly four years elapsed, during which period Hahnemann did not again refer to the question of doses. The theory of dilution underwent very little change in the year 1802.

* In 1803, after making initial experiments with certain remedies of considerable higher dilutions, Hahnemann gradually adopted stronger doses and then later returned to higher degrees of dilution. Thus Hahnemann was still experimenting without making a final decision regarding the doses of drugs.

* Surprisingly, Hahnemann's first homoeopathic materia medica, the two volume "Fragmenta de viribus medicamentorum positivis sive in sano corpore humano observatis", came and went in 1805 with no mention of dose. Hahnemann was standing firmly on his principle of similia and single remedy.

* In his article "Medicine of Experience" in Hufeland's journal in 1805, he speaks again of the "smallest possible doses". But whenever he gives details, he mentions only the 100th, 1000th or 1000000th part of a medicinal dose. These few general indications are all that one can deduce from his published works concerning the development of homoeopathic theory of doses during the years 1801 - 1806.

* The diaries of 1807, 1808 and 1809 provide little information and give no details concerning the quantity by weight or the degree of dilution in which the remedies were to be administered.

* The 1st edition of the Organon was published in 1810, and referred only to "small doses", individually determined for each medicine. Hahnemann wrote, 'When I speak of the smallest possible doses in homoeopathic therapy, I cannot establish a chart of weights and measures of the medicines, because the medicines themselves are so varied in strength'.

* The three following years also gave little information. In 1811, the first part of "Materia Medica Pura" appeared, without any mention of the size of the dose. In 1813, Hahnemann published the dissertation "Spirit of the New Theory of Healing" where he wrote, 'The spiritual power of the medicine attains its purpose not by quantity but by quality'.

* Writings from that time revealed some of the results of Hahnemann's "clear experiments, careful observation and accurate experience". In an 1812 epidemic of intermittent fever, he employed Arnica in the 18th centesimal dilution and Nux vomica in the 9th centesimal.

* Upto 1813, nothing definite was written by Hahnemann. There appeared general remarks about dilution and reduction of size of doses.

1813 - 1819: THE SEED OF DYNAMIZATION THEORY

* In 1813, Hahnemann published "Spirit of the Homoeopathic Doctrine of Medicine", wherein he formulated a clear concept of an organism, health and disease. Disease, according to him was only a dynamic derangement of the vital character of the organism. Drugs, besides their physico-chemical properties, possess another property or quality by virtue of which they alter the qualitative state of the organism through its altered sensations and functions. Thus quality of a drug does not depend entirely on their physical and chemical properties. On the other hand, the more the materiality of a drug is reduced, by processes of dilution or trituration, the greater the specific therapeutic quality lying hitherto dormant in the drug seemed to be unveiled or liberated. This is the seed of dynamization theory. It is not merely the process of dilution or attenuation that liberates the pharmacodynamic property of a drug but the friction that is taken recourse to, with an inert vehicle, by the process of succussion or trituration. So it is dilution plus friction that liberates the pharmacodynamic properties of the drug.

* Definite statements about the use of small quantities of medicine are found in his 1814 article "Treatment of the Typhus or Hospital Fever at Present Prevailing", where he mentions Bryonia and Rhus tox in dilutions prepared by serially diluting 1 drop to 6 drams twelve times, shaken for 3 minutes at each step, and used a dose of 1 drop of the 12th dilution.

* His observations had demonstrated to him the fact that certain substances, generally considered to be ineffective in their natural form, as common salt, charcoal, lycopodium, silica, lime, etc become available as an efficacious medicine only after prolonged trituration with milk sugar. These discoveries are the reason why Hahnemann from that time onwards no longer designated the different degrees of his dosages as dilutions, but as 'power developments' or 'potencies'.

* In the subsequent volumes of his Materia Medica Pura, from 1816 to 1819, there are a good deal of variation in dose and dilution, suggesting experimentation to discover an optimal dose for each remedy and condition under treatment. In 1816, doses range from 1 drop of the original preparation for Causticum, to the 30th centesimal dilution for Arsenicum. Ferrum is given in doses described as 1/100th, 1/1000th, or 1/50000th part of a grain.

* Also, in 1819, was the second edition of Organon that contained a series of paragraphs devoted to the question of doses (aphorisms 300 - 308). Aphorism 300 stated: 'The suitability of a medicine for any given case of illness depends not only on a relevant homoeopathic selection, but just as much on the correct quantity necessary or rather the smallness of the dose.' He went on to suggest that dose determination required "clear experiments, careful observation and accurate experience." A third publication of the year 1819, "On Uncharitableness to suicides" recommended gold in its sixth potency.

1820 - 1828: "DYNAMIZATIONS" - IMPORTANCE OF FRICTION

* In 1821, in the sixth and last volume of Materia Medica Pura, Hahnemann referred constantly to treating with "the smallest part of a drop". Hahnemann was then adopting the use of globules, whereby a fraction of a drop could be administered easily.

* In 1822, 2nd edition of volume 1 of the Materia Medica Pura, dosing recommendations ranged from the crude tincture for Cannabis, to the 9th to 30th centesimal dilutions or triturations, with the dose consistently specified as the "smallest part of a drop". Hahnemann had evidently begun giving remedies in fraction-of-a-drop doses on medicinally moistened globules, and had apparently settled on a centesimal standard for his serial dilutions.

* From the various volumes of the second edition of the Materia Medica Pura that appeared from 1824 to 1827, he gradually increased the dilution of remedies.

* There was yet no real mention of the notion of potentization or dynamization of remedies. These preparations arrived at through serial dilution were still viewed as attenuated doses, and the process of shaking the dilutional solutions or triturating the solid dilutions was viewed as essential merely to disperse the medicine throughout the diluting medium.

* In 1825 Hahnemann's "infinitesimal" dilutions were attacked in an article, with the assertion that the preparation of dilutions was impossible, since, for a single dilution of one decillionth of a grain, "a mass of water of about 52 quintillion globes, each of the size of our earth" would be needed. Hahnemann refuted this in detail in his article "Information for the Truth Seeker". He stated 'For hundreds of years nothing was known of the power of many crude medicinal substances. These, if made into a solution, can, by repeated shakings or by long-continued trituration with non-medicinal powder, be worked up to very intensive medicines with marvellous effects. By trituration (shaking) the latent medicinal power is wonderfully liberated and vitalised, as if, once freed from the fetters of matter, it could act upon the human organism more insistently and fully. In reality dilution is potentizing, not merely a material splitting up and lessening, in which every part must be smaller than the whole, but a spiritualising of the inner medicinal powers by removing the covering of nature's forces, and the palpable substance which can be weighed, no longer enters into consideration'.

* Around this time (1825), Hahnemann began viewing these preparations as "dynamizations" or "potentizations" rather than as mere dilutions or attenuations of dose.

* It was this phase, when he understood the idea of friction as bringing about the remarkable change in the activity of the drug. This is represented in his article "How can Small Doses of such very Attenuated Medicine as Homoeopathy employs still possess great power" in 1827. The effect of friction is so great that not only the internal physical properties such as calorie, odour, etc. are roused and developed by it, but also the dynamic medicinal powers of natural substances are thereby called forth to an incredible degree, a fact that has hitherto escaped observation.

* A new chapter in the theory of doses was opened out in the year 1828 in the " Chronic Diseases ". In the introduction to Volume I, he wrote in unequivocal terms that he began with small doses of one grain in the 2nd or 3rd trituration but experience taught him to give preference to higher dilutions or potencies. Upto this time Hahnemann had made use of the most varied degrees of dilution, from the original tincture or the viscous juice upto the 30th centesimal dilution. The following instructions are found about the potencies of various remedies - Antimonium crudum 6, Ammonium carb 18, Baryta carb 18, Lycopodium 18 - 30, etc.

* Hahnemann used the terms 'dilution', 'diminish', 'dynamization' / 'dynamic' / 'dynamized', and 'potentization' / 'potency' to describe these various concepts. The term "too-strong dose" referred to prescriptions making a too-strong impression on the life force either by to being too large (in a material sense) or of too great a potency.

1829 - 1837: "STANDARD POTENCY 30C - BIAS (?); OLFACTION"

* Some of Hahnemann's followers were at this point exploring higher potencies of remedies by serial dilution and trituration or succussion. Notable among these were Dr. Gross in J|terbogk; Dr. Schreter in Lemberg; General Korsakoff in Russia; and later, Jenichen in Wismar. They went on to develop higher potencies. Korsakoff potentized to the 1,500th centesimal, Jenichen to the 2,500th, 8,000th, and 16,000th.

* Hahnemann felt in 1829, the urgent necessity of a limit in potentising and declared the ultimate degree of dilution to be the 30th centesimal potency. But, he himself had exceeded that limit in 1825, when he recommended Thuja for gonorrhoea in the 60th potency. He wrote to Schreter & Korsakoff, urging them to adopt a limit at 30C, and even to adopt this as a "standard" potency.

* In the 5th edition of the Organon, published in 1833, Hahnemann fell only a little bit short of recommending the 30C potency (decillionth dilution) as a standard; though later on, Hahnemann was himself exploring higher potencies.

* This suggestion of a 30C "standard" for potentization produced violent disputes amongst his students. From this time onwards Hahnemann became more and more biased over the question of dose. It was no longer sufficient for him to administer a few globules of the 30th potency as a dose. In 1832, Hahnemann began experimenting with olfaction of remedies, having the patient smell a moistened pellet as a dose. He described this in his preface to Boenninghausen's List of Symptoms of the Antipsoric Medicines and again in detail in the 5th edition of the Organon (in the footnote to '288) in 1833. He experimented extensively with olfaction in 1832 - 1833, but although he continued to use it as a dosing option into his later years, it did not catch on well among his colleagues. For several years Hahnemann employed this process of inhaling for all his patients without exception. Even in the year 1837, his confidence in the inhalation of remedies was strong as is evident from the preface to the third part of Chronic Diseases. It was only towards the end of his life did his preference for olfaction abate. This is evident from the modified paragraphs in the sixth edition of Organon.

* In the 5th edition of the Organon, Hahnemann clearly spelt out the concept of dynamization or potentization in '269. He provided the first specific instructions on dynamization in 's270-271; thirty successive serial dilutions on the centesimal scale, with 2 succussions at each dilutional step to produce the decillionth dilution, (reduced from previous 10 succussions - note to '270). He also advocated that Provings be carried out with the 30C potency ('128). Hahnemann attached special significance to each fresh dilution being shaken only twice, instead of ten times or for several minutes.

* A detailed description of the process of trituration, principally for the first 3 centesimal dilutions of insoluble medicinal substances, was given in part 2 of the 1st edition of Chronic Diseases (1835).

* Also about this time, Hahnemann began experimenting with giving the dose in solution, rather than as a dry pellet on the tongue. In the Organon, 5th edition, 's286-287 he describes an increase in the medicinal action of a dose when it is fully dispersed in medicinal solution.

* In 1835 Hahnemann wrote to Hering, describing the further diminution of dose by giving portions or "split doses" of a medicinal solution produced by dissolving a medicated centesimal pellet in a volume of water. This reduced dose allowed for more frequent repetition during the gradual amelioration of chronic disease, with gradual ascent of potency by stirring or succussion of the solution prior to each repeated dose. He wrote more detailed instructions on this approach in 1837, which can be read in the preface to part 3 (2nd ed.) of Chronic Diseases.

* In regards to the most appropriate number of succussions, he altered his opinion frequently. In the preface to the third part of the second and improved edition of Chronic Diseases in 1837, he mentioned that when using remedies in the centesimal scale in split doses in medicinal solution, he found it beneficial to increase the number of succussions at each dilutional step back to 10 (from the 2 succussions recommended in the 5th edition of the Organon). He apparently experimented with even greater numbers of succussions over the following year; in the preface to volume 5 of Chronic Diseases, published in 1839, he makes reference to using "10, 20, 50 and more" succussions in the preparation of centesimals.

1838: FINAL INSTRUCTIONS

* The preface to the 5th volume of Chronic Diseases (1839) began with a distinction between the process of dilution and dynamization. Dilutions, he argued, spread and reduce contents as colouring in a liquid, steadily depriving the solution of its effect so that eventually it becomes colourless. In contrast to this he defined homoeopathic dynamizations as processes by which the medicinal properties, which are latent in natural substances while in their crude state, become aroused and then become enabled to act in an almost spiritual manner on our life.

* The LM (Q, fifty-millesimal) potency scale, which Hahnemann referred to as "medicaments au globule" as distinct from the centesimal "medicaments a la goutte", was developed in 1838, 5 years before his death, with the intention of preparing remedies even better adapted for use in split dose in medicinal solution. These were prepared with even greater dilution at each step (1/50,000, but using medicated pellets for the dilutions), and with far greater succussion at each dilutional step (100 succussions). Hahnemann shared this method during its experimental period only with Boenninghausen. He first described it in the 6th edition of the Organon ('270), which was prepared for the publisher in the year prior to his death (1842), but first saw light only in 1921 when William Boericke purchased the manuscript from the Boenninghausen family.

* Intimately related to these new preparations (centesimals in medicinal solution, and shortly later the fifty-millesimals as described in the 6th edition of the Organon) were new approaches to the repetition of dose.

* In the last period of his life, from 1835 to his death in 1843, he never ceased to make experiments in dosage, potentizing by succussions and repetition of dose.

* Dr. Malan wrote about Hahnemann - ' I frequently saw Hahnemann prescribe very high dilutions. One of the most remarkable cures had been brought about by one single dose of a very high potency; as far as I know, this remedy came from Jenichen. I have often heard him say that the 30th potency should by no means form a fixed limit for medicinal dilutions'.

* Hahnemann's remedy chests at the time of his death (1843) contained 888 vials of centesimal remedies, in the 6th, 18th, 24th and 30th centesimal potencies; a few vials of the 200th centesimal potency; and 1716 vials of LM potencies, most stocked in LM1 - LM10 range, with a few of the major polychrests stocked up to LM30 (designated 0/1, etc.).

* A letter from Melanie to Dr. Breyfogle of Louisville in 1876, shortly before her death, read: "Your enquiry as to whether Hahnemann altered his views about potencies in the last period of his life and whether he made us only of high potencies, I can answer in this way; Hahnemann used all degrees of dilution, low as well as high, as the individual case required. I saw him give the third trituration, but I also know that he used the 200th or even the 1,000th potency whenever he considered it necessary".

EVOLUTION OF CONCEPT OF TRITURATION AND SUCCUSSION

It is worthwhile to throw a glance on how Hahnemann continuously evolved with the actual process of succussion or trituration during his lifetime.

* In 1814, in an essay entitled, A method of treating the currently epidemic typhus, he says shaken vigorously for 3 minutes.

* Volume 2 of Materia Medica Pura (1816) has dilution on the centesimal scale (1:100) as far as the 30th potency under Arsenicum. As for the method of agitation, he still says: Well shaken or accurately shaken.

* He almost always used fluids, shaking them, sometimes unsystematically, for minutes.

* The fourth volume of Materia Medica Pura appeared in 1818. Until then, Hahnemann had used gold only in solution. Here, under Aurum, he discusses the first metal to be triturated.

* In volume 6 of Materia Medica Pura (1821) Hahnemann mentioned for the first time, in the Preface: bring down ten times, using the full strength of the arm.

* In 5th edition of Organon, he modified: give only two succussions.

* In the 2nd edition of volume 3 of Chronic Diseases (1837) he changed his method again, going back to 10 succussion strokes. He wrote 'When I used to administer medicine undivided, each taken with a little water at one dose, I found that potentizing in phials with ten succussions often acted too strongly. But as for several years I have been able to give each dose in a solution which will not deteriorate ...now no potency in a vial is too strong if prepared each time with ten succussions.

* Two years later, he spoke of 10, 20, 40, 50 or more succussions.

* The Preface to the 2nd volume of Chronic Diseases gives a further minor change of method. Hahnemann had found that metals triturated for a total of 3 hours, exactly 1 hour per stage, were soluble in water. All dry material - plant, minerals, metals were triturated upto 3C and then converted into a liquid and potentized.

USE OF PILULES IN EVOLUTION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF POTENTIZATION

* After 1818 Hahnemann no longer gave the drops as they were, instead patients were given the smallest part of a drop. To divide a drop and obtain its smallest part, he used pilules made from sugar that were 100-300 to a grain.

* In the 3rd edition of Organon (1824), he said: ''... in so far as one drop of spirits of wine adequately wets about a hundred such pilules''.

* When Chronic Diseases appeared in 1828, he was using pilules weighing 200 to a grain, and had acquired sufficient skill to wet 300 of these with a single drop.

* At first Hahnemann gave drops produced by shaking for minutes at time, varying the number of drops according to the age of the patient. These proved fairly powerful, however, and he soon advanced as far as the 30C. He also felt that there had to be a limit somewhere.

* Reducing the dose by wetting pilules, i.e. dividing a drop into between 100 and 300 parts also did not get him nearer to his goal.

* Finally, in 1838 the LM potencies make their first appearance. In the sixth edition of Organon of Medicine, he mentions the use of pills, such that 100 of which one grain and 500 such globules can scarcely absorb one drop.

One can therefore conclude that Hahnemann changed his views on potency mainly in the light of clinical experience rather than empty speculations and theories. It is also clear that he was moving higher and higher and that in his later phase he settled both on olfaction and the LM potencies as being especially gentle and effective methods of drug administration. He regarded them as superior for practical reasons, not out of any preconceived notions.

SELF ASSESSMENT

* Discuss the evolution of the concept of potentization.

Comments

  1. Sir,
    I along with Dr Ruhul Amin explained homeopathic potentization on the basis of " orientations of water molecules " in our paper "The homeopathic dilution- a new explanation" published in www.hanp.net (2008). In our further works published in www.hanp.net & www.hpathy.com we have further explained how electrical energy of a substance is conveyed through molecular
    orientations of water.Hence we request our viewers to have a look at our works and present their views for further development of this research.
    Biplab chakraborty (www.aminchakraborty.blogspot.com)

    ReplyDelete

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