AMOEBIASIS:
Amoebiasis is a global disease, which is caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica.
This infection affects nearly 10% of the population of the developing world
with the disease burden highest in poor, developing areas.
where overcrowding, poor sanitation and economic backwardness are common.
It is an important cause of death due to protozoan infections, next only to malaria in the developing world.
In recent times, even in advanced countries, amoebiasis has emerged as an important infection among immunosuppressed individuals like male homosexuals, intravenous drug users and patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
To manage patients with amoebiasis appropriately, physicians must know
biology of the organism,
risk factors for infection,
mechanisms of disease,
pathogenesis and
host immunity,
the presenting manifestations of the invasive syndrome,
the correct diagnostic approach,
therapeutic drug regimens,
and strategies for preventing infection.
BIOLOGY OF ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA:
Infection results from ingestion of the fecally excreted acid-resistant cyst form.
Excystation occurs in the small bowel, leading to colonization of the colon with trophozoites.
Transmission of infection results from fecal contamination of water or food or direct fecal-oral contact because of poor hygiene or anal-oral sexual practices.
There are distinct strains, the pathogenic E. histolytica and the nonpathogenic Entamoeba dispar.
Approximately 10% of those with pathogenic Entamoeba infection present clinically with invasive amebiasis,
LIFE CYCLE OF AMOEBA:
PATHOGENESIS AND HOST IMMUNITY:
Intestinal infection with E. dispar usually clears within 8 to 12 months without evidence of a specific immune response
EPIDEMIOLOGY:
The infection is transmitted through the faeco-oral route.
Man is the only reservoir of infection
Faeces contain the cystic form of the organism, which can survive in the environment for several weeks.
Infection is also known to occur through oro-anal sexual contact.
Cysts are ingested by man in infected food or water.
Since cysts are able to resist the acidic gastric juice, they can pass intact to the small intestine, where each cyst multiplies into eight amoebules before excystation.
The amoebules develop into mature motile trophozoites, which adhere to the colonic epithelium.
This infection affects nearly 10% of the population of the developing world
with the disease burden highest in poor, developing areas.
where overcrowding, poor sanitation and economic backwardness are common.
It is an important cause of death due to protozoan infections, next only to malaria in the developing world.
In recent times, even in advanced countries, amoebiasis has emerged as an important infection among immunosuppressed individuals like male homosexuals, intravenous drug users and patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
To manage patients with amoebiasis appropriately, physicians must know
biology of the organism,
risk factors for infection,
mechanisms of disease,
pathogenesis and
host immunity,
the presenting manifestations of the invasive syndrome,
the correct diagnostic approach,
therapeutic drug regimens,
and strategies for preventing infection.
BIOLOGY OF ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA:
Infection results from ingestion of the fecally excreted acid-resistant cyst form.
Excystation occurs in the small bowel, leading to colonization of the colon with trophozoites.
Transmission of infection results from fecal contamination of water or food or direct fecal-oral contact because of poor hygiene or anal-oral sexual practices.
There are distinct strains, the pathogenic E. histolytica and the nonpathogenic Entamoeba dispar.
Approximately 10% of those with pathogenic Entamoeba infection present clinically with invasive amebiasis,
LIFE CYCLE OF AMOEBA:
PATHOGENESIS AND HOST IMMUNITY:
Intestinal infection with E. dispar usually clears within 8 to 12 months without evidence of a specific immune response
EPIDEMIOLOGY:
The infection is transmitted through the faeco-oral route.
Man is the only reservoir of infection
Faeces contain the cystic form of the organism, which can survive in the environment for several weeks.
Infection is also known to occur through oro-anal sexual contact.
Cysts are ingested by man in infected food or water.
Since cysts are able to resist the acidic gastric juice, they can pass intact to the small intestine, where each cyst multiplies into eight amoebules before excystation.
The amoebules develop into mature motile trophozoites, which adhere to the colonic epithelium.
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