Mezereum

- VERMEULEN Frans
Mezereum
Mez.
Odours of spring, my sense ye charm
With fragrance premature,
And mid these days of dark alarm,
Almost to hope allure.
[Mrs Tighe]
Signs
Daphne mezereum. Mezereon. February Daphne. N.O. Thymelaeaceae.
CLASSIFICATION Daphne mezereum is placed in the medium-sized family Thymelaeaceae, which comprises mainly shrubs as well as some trees, lianas and herbs. The family is found in both temperate and tropical regions, but more diverse in the Southern Hemisphere and especially well represented in Africa. Many genera are found in the Pacific Islands. There are four subfamilies. Most genera belong to the subfamily Thymeleaeoideae, including the Australasian genus Wikstroemia and the genus Daphne with 70 species in Australasia extending across Asia to Europe and North Africa.
ECONOMIC USES Cultivated ornamental shrubs from Daphne, Dirca [leatherwood], and Pimelea [rice flower]; incense from Wikstroemia; bark fibre for paper from Daphne, Thymelaea, and Wikstroemia; ornamental lace bark from Lagetto lintearia. In some Mediterranean countries the bark of Daphne species is used to stupefy fish.
DAPHNE Many Daphne species come from Europe and various cool parts of Asia which makes them suitable candidates for temperate gardens, particularly when afforded a sheltered situation. Most species have fragrant flowers. Daphne mezereum is the European Mezereon, a deciduous shrub of 1.5 metres with clusters of pinkish to deep-purple red, fragrant flowers on slender, leafless branches in early spring. The flowers are succeeded by poisonous bright red berries, which are eaten with impunity by birds. The shrub thrives in deciduous forests in chalky humous soils and can be found in mountainous regions up to 2,500 metres. According to Linnaeus the berries were at one time used in Sweden to poison wolves and foxes. The whole plant is a powerful irritant to skin and gastrointestinal tract and has caused numerous fatal accidents. The sap affords a yellow dye. Like all Daphnes, Daphne mezereum has a reputation for being temperamental in the garden. This reputation is based on Daphne's strong aversion to being moved once established and for a certain propensity for the plant to die suddenly for little or no apparent reason. Horticulturists consider Daphne mezereum to suffer from a sort of sudden-death virus. In flower language the plant stands for 'desire to please'.
NAME The name Daphne stems from Greek mythology. The nymph Daphne, daughter of the river god Peneus, had resolved to spend her life in perpetual virginity. Apollo, who was in love with her, wanted her but she fled from him. Cornered, she begged the gods for help, and was changed into a laurel. "Her prayer was scarcely ended when her limbs grew numb and heavy, her soft breasts were covered in delicate bark, her hair became leaves, her arms branches, and her swift feet were rooted into the ground, while her head became a treetop. Apollo loved her, even as a tree. He put his hands where he had hoped and felt her heart still beating under the new bark. Embracing the branches as though they were still limbs he kissed the wood, but even as wood she shrank from his kisses. Then the god said, 'Since you can never be my bride, my tree at least you shall be. The laurel will henceforth adorn my hair, my lyre, my quiver ... and just as my head is always young and my hair never shorn, so may you also wear forever the crowning glory of leaves that never fade or fall.'"1 Since then, the laurel [Laurus nobilis] is dedicated to Apollo and the laurel wreath is one of the permanent attributes with which the god is portrayed. On the basis of the similarity between the leaves and fruit of Daphne and Laurus, the name later was transferred to the genus Daphne. The specific name mezereum is thought to come from a Persian word for 'to kill'.
CONSTITUENTS Diterpenes [mezerein mainly in the seeds; daphnetoxin in the bark]; volatile oil, resin, umbellifertone, tannins, and daphnin [a coumarin glycoside]. Drying does not inactivate the toxins. The toxic principles of Mezereon resemble those of spurges, such as Euphorbia and Mancinella.
TOXICOLOGY One of the oldest plants recognized as a poison, Daphne species are found throughout Europe, the northeastern United States and eastern Canada. The most deadly one of all Daphnes is Daphne mezereum, which is native to northern Europe. Widely planted as an ornamental in North America; escapes from gardens occur locally in thickets and open woods in the northeastern states. Absorption of the toxic principles occurs chiefly via the gastrointestinal tract, but also through the skin. The strongly irritant effects of mezerein to the skin and mucous membranes result in inflammation, ulceration and vesication. Symptoms appear in 5 minutes to several hours, after ingestion, and include swelling and blistering of the lips, salivation and problems in swallowing, burning and ulceration in the digestive tract, stomach pain, vomiting, bloody diarrhoea and urine, weakness, vertigo and headache, convulsions, shock, coma and death from respiratory paralysis or cardiac collapse. One to three berries can be fatal to children. Systemic damage to the kidneys is not uncommon and recovery may take weeks to months.
MEDICINE Some researchers suggest that extracts of Daphne may have potential for treating leukaemia, while others consider them co-carcinogenic in the presence of low doses of carcinogenic compounds. "An ointment was formerly used to induce discharge in indolent ulcers. The bark is used for snake and other venomous bites, and in Siberia, by veterinary surgeons, for horses' hooves. The official compound liniment of mustard includes an ethereal extract, and one of its rare internal uses in England is as an ingredient in compound decoction of sarsaparilla. Authorities differ as to its value in chronic rheumatism, scrofula, syphilis and skin diseases. A light infusion is said to be good in dropsies, but if too strong may cause vomiting and bloody stools. Thirty berries are used as a purgative by Russian peasants, though French writers regard fifteen as a fatal dose. In Germany a tincture of the berries is used locally in neuralgia. Slices of the root may be chewed in toothache, and it is recorded that an obstinate case of difficulty in swallowing, persisting after confinement, was cured by chewing the root constantly and so causing irritation."2 Today, the plant is considered too toxic to be employed as a herbal medicine.
PROVINGS •• [1] Hahnemann - 11 provers; method: unknown.
•• [2] Theile - 4 provers, 1838; method: single, infrequent or repeated doses of tincture.
•• [3] Hartlaub - 4 self-experimentations, 1849 and 1850; method: smelling and chewing of fresh bark, smelling and tasting of the tincture, and inhaling of various preparations.
•• [4] Linck - 2 provers, 1852; method: repeated doses of 1x for 7 days; repeated doses of tincture for 11 days.
•• [5] Watzke - 2 self-experimentations, 1863; method: single dose of 4-5 drops of tincture.
•• [6] Etterlin and Würstl - self-experimentations, 1864; method: increasing doses of tincture for 5 days, and repeated doses of tincture for 18 days.
•• [7] Lembke - self-experimentation, 1867-68; method: repeated doses of 2-30 drops of 1st dil. for 5 weeks, afterward the tincture for a week.
[1] Ovid, Metamorphosis, cited in March, Dictionary of Classical Mythology. [2] Grieve, A Modern Herbal.
Affinity
SKIN. Nerves - bones [head; face; jaws]. Mucous membranes [mouth; stomach]. One side. * LEFT SIDE. Right side.
Modalities
Worse: NIGHT. Suppressions. WARMTH of BED; fire, etc. Cold air; drafts; damp. Motion. Touch. Mercury. Vaccination. Cold washing. Warm food.
Better: Wrapping up [head] [nerves, bones]. Eating. Open air. Stooping. Radiated heat. Milk.
Main symptoms
M Overwhelming anxiety ARISING from STOMACH.
Emotions are felt in STOMACH: anxious, oppressive feeling of weakness, emptiness and sinking [solar plexus].
M Dead emptiness.
Everything seems dead, nothing vivid.
• "Hypochondriac and melancholy, nothing pleases him, everything seemed to him as if dead, and nothing made a vivid impression on him." [Hahnemann]
Mind becomes void on attempting to focus.
Staring; looking out the window for hours.
Cannot distinguish surrounding objects.
Deathlike sensation in stomach.
> Eating. [Also: long-sightedness after eating.]
Body feels light, but brain feels hard / heavy.
M Disoriented.
• "Mezereum produces dramatic results in cases of bilateral maxillary sinusitis with a chronic cough, bouts of fever in the late afternoon, and pain from pressure on the two maxillary sinuses [two doses of Mezereum 15c at an interval of 48 hours cure cases resistant to two weeks of antibiotics!]. The key to this remedy is found here. The maxillary sinuses are hollow facial organs which contain anatomical structures sensitive to the magnetic field in the environment. These organs give migratory birds, for example, a sense of direction and orientation. Following a move, travel in a foreign country, a resort vacation, etc., Mezereum subjects' maxillary sinuses become blocked, and they 'lose their bearings'." [Grandgeorge]
M Quarrelsome.
Inclined to vex others.
• "Great irritability and sensitiveness. Disposed to scold others for trifles; everything annoys him and he is inclined to say insulting and annoying things to everybody." [Hering]
M Conflict in loyalty.
Torn apart being two conflicting emotions, resulting in ambivalent and suppressed impulses.
Disfigured face.
• "Scars and birthmarks that dominate the way a person is perceived by his surroundings are a strong theme in Mezereum. The theme of feeling oneself wronged because of judgement only on appearances."
Being stigmatised; being wrongly blamed for things.
• "Also psychological injuries, owing to stigmatisation by others, leave their scars."
Discrepancy; exterior versus interior; deceiving appearances; outward glamour.
• "Issues on the basis of which people are superficially judged or valued in society, like clothing and the house you live in, can be very important to Mezereum."1
G Very CHILLY [cold to the bone].
Yet eruptions and headache < warmth of bed, warm room, etc. G Desire for FAT [bacon and ham fat]. G Bad effects from SUPPRESSED eruptions. [= deafness, asthma, cough, neurological disorders, neuralgic pains, etc.]. No internal or other complaints as long as eruption is present. G SUDDEN pains, then chilly, sore or numb. [Boger] Or scratching [due to violent itching] FOLLOWED by numbness or coldness. • "Sudden alarming oedema may occur, e.g. of the face, lips and tongue. The swelling may be accompanied by vesication and, later, shedding of skin or mucosa." [Gibson] G BURNING pains. G < Slight touch. G Sensations of constriction, contraction, tension, narrowness. G Violent symptoms. • "Symptoms are characterized by violence: violent pains; violent itching; violent hunger; violent burning in mouth and stomach; violent inclination to cough; violently acute fever." [Gibson] P Headache extending from root of nose to forehead. Violent headaches. • "Violent neuralgic headache extends to the eye, with profuse lachrymation; it is unilateral and radiates downward, involving teeth and jaws." [Gibson] P Prosopalgia, burning, shooting pains. And Salivation and stiffness of masticatory muscles. < Talking and eating. < Warm food and warm room. > Radiating heat.
Usually one-sided.
Pain extending to eye, ear, teeth, neck and shoulder.
P Herpes zoster with burning, neuralgic pain [intercostal].
Remaining after disappearance of eruption.
• "Neuralgia after shingles." [Boger]
P Eruptions, eczema.
[eyelids, margin of hair, forearms and hands, lower legs]
< Warmth of bed, warm room, at night, warm bath; summer. > Open air.
Itching changes place on scratching.
Burning itching, and coldness of part.
Itching eruptions after VACCINATION.
[1] Harry van der Zee, Miasms in Labour; and Harry van der Zee, A conflict in loyalty; HL 3/96.
Rubrics
Mind
Affectation in gestures and acts [1]. Anger, inclined to vex others [1; Chin.]. Anxiety, when alone [1], > eating [1], > eructations [1]. Confusion, after coition [1], on attempting to concentrate the mind [1], > eating [1], from interruption [2; Berb.], knows not where she is and cannot distinguish the objects around her [2; Aesc.; Coff-t.]. Delusions, body is lighter than air [1], brain is hard [1/1], everything is dead [1/1], he is poor [1]. Dulness, looking out the window for hours [1/1]. Eating > mental symptoms [1]. Deficiency of ideas from overexertion [2; Olnd.]. Morbid impulse to run [1].
Head
Heaviness, occiput, at night when lying on back [1/1]. Numbness, vertex [2]. Perspiration of scalp during headache [1].
Eye
Hardness, sensation as if hard as marble [1].
Vision
Flickering during vertigo [1]. Swimming of objects [1].
Hearing
Impaired, after suppressed eruptions about the head [2/1].
Face
Numbness, cheeks, following pain [2]. Pain, burning, lips, on touch [1/1].
Mouth
Speech, difficult, from want of saliva [1/1], from swelling of tongue [1].
Stomach
Nausea, > motion [1], in warm room [2]. Pain, > milk [1].
Abdomen
Pain, > eating [1], > lying on back [1], > stretching out [1].
Rectum
Constipation after delivery [1]. Diarrhoea after suppressed eruptions [1].
Respiration
Asthmatic, alternating with eruptions [1].
Cough
Alternating with eruptions [1]. Constant, > vomiting [2/1].
Chest
Constriction, when stretching arms [1/1], > standing [1/1].
Limbs
Coldness, of painful parts [1]. Sensation of paralysis, upper arm, when raising arm [1]; fingers, when grasping [2]. Restlessness, lower limbs, in warmth of bed [1].
Dreams
Cats [1]. Difficulties on journeys [1]. Disease, warts on back [1/1].
Chill
Heat in bed and coldness out of bed [1/1].
Skin
Formication, during sexual excitement [1; Tarent.]. Itching, when touched [1].
Generals
Convulsions, > tightly binding the body [1/1].
Food
Aversion: [2]: Meat; milk.
Desire: [2]: Bacon; coffee; fat ham; ham fat; pork; wine. [1]: Coffee, black; cold drinks; mustard.
Worse: [2]: Hot food; warm food [1]: Beer.
Better: [2]: Cold food; hot food. [1]: Milk; wine.

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